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This article is about the Harrier family. For the first generation Harrier, see Hawker Siddeley Harrier. For Sea Harrier models, see British Aerospace Sea Harrier. For the US Harrier II models, see McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II. For the British Harrier II models, see British Aerospace Harrier II.
| Harrier Jump Jet | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| A Harrier GR7A of 800 Naval Air Sqn, Royal Navy | |
| Role | V/STOL strike aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Hawker Siddeley British Aerospace/McDonnell Douglas Boeing/BAE Systems |
| Introduction | 1969 |
| Status | In service |
| Primary users | United States Marine Corps Royal Air Force (retired) Royal Navy (retired) Indian Navy |
| Developed from | Hawker P.1127/Kestrel FGA.1 |
| Variants | Hawker Siddeley Harrier British Aerospace Sea Harrier McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II British Aerospace Harrier II |
There are two generations of four main variants of the Harrier family:
The Hawker Siddeley Harrier is the first generation-version and is also known as the AV-8A Harrier. The Sea Harrier is a naval strike/air defence fighter. The AV-8B and BAE Harrier II are the US and British variants respectively of the second generation Harrier aircraft.
Contents
Development
Background
Following an approach by the Bristol Engine Company in 1957 that they were planning a directed thrust engine, Hawker Aircraft came up with a design for an aeroplane that could meet the NATO specification for a "Light Tactical Support Fighter". There was no financial support for the development from HM Treasury, but aid was found through the Mutual Weapon Development Project (MWDP) of NATO.The Hawker P.1127 was ordered as a prototype and flew in 1960. NATO developed a specification (NBMR-3) for a VTOL aircraft, but one that was expected to have the performance of an aircraft like the F-4 Phantom II. Hawker drafted a supersonic version of the P.1127, the P.1150, and also the Hawker P.1154 which would meet NBMR-3. The latter was a winner of the NATO competition and development continued, initially for both services, until cancelled, by the new government on cost grounds, at the point of prototype construction in 1965.
Work on the P.1127 continued with 9 evaluation aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel, ordered. These started flying in 1964 and were assessed by the "Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron" which consisted of British, US and German pilots. With the cancellation of the P.1154, the RAF ordered a modified P.1127/Kestrel as the Harrier GR.1 in 1966.
First-generation Harriers
The Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR.1/GR.3 and the AV-8A Harrier were the first generation of the Harrier series, the first operational close-support and reconnaissance attack aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities. These were developed directly from the Hawker P.1127 prototype and the Kestrel evaluation aircraft.The British Aerospace Sea Harrier is a naval V/STOL jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft, a development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. The first version entered service with the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm in April 1980 as the Sea Harrier FRS.1, and was informally known as the Shar. The upgraded Sea Harrier FA2 entered service in 1993. It was withdrawn from Royal Navy service in March 2006. The Sea Harrier FRS Mk.51 is in active service with the Indian Navy, which operates the jet from its aircraft carrier INS Viraat.
Second-generation Harriers
The Harrier was extensively redeveloped by McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace (now parts of Boeing and BAE Systems respectively), leading to the Boeing/BAE Systems AV-8B Harrier II.[1] This is a family of second-generation V/STOL jet multi-role aircraft, including the British Aerospace-built Harrier GR5/GR7/GR9, which entered service in the mid-1980s. The AV-8B is primarily used for light attack or multi-role tasks, typically operated from small aircraft carriers. Versions are used by several NATO countries, including Spain, Italy, and the United States. The BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II is a modified version of the AV-8B Harrier II that was used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Navy until 2010.Between 1969 and 2003, 824 Harrier variants were delivered. While manufacture of new Harriers concluded in 1997, the last remanufactured aircraft (Harrier II Plus configuration) was delivered in December 2003 which ended the Harrier production line.[2]
Operation
The Harrier Jump Jet, capable of taking off vertically, can only do so at less than its maximum weight. In most cases the aircraft does a short take off where it gains forward speed and thus aerodynamic lift, saving fuel.On aircraft carriers a ramp is frequently employed at the bow of the carrier which allows the aircraft to accelerate along the carrier using less fuel for takeoff.
Landings are also typically performed very differently. Although a conventional landing is possible, the range of speeds that this can be done over is narrow (due to relatively vulnerable outrigger undercarriage). Operationally the aircraft therefore usually does a near vertical landing with some forward speed.
Replacement
As of late 2010, the F-35B STOVL variant of the F-35 Lightning II (formerly the Joint Strike Fighter) is intended to replace the AV-8B Harrier II in service with the US Marine Corps[3][4] and the Italian Navy[5] from 2014 onwards. As of May 2012, the RAF and Royal Navy are also scheduled to introduce the F-35B around 2020.[6] In 2010, it was announced that the RAF and RN would retire their remaining Harriers by 2011,[7] and in December 2010 the RAF's Harrier GR9s made their last operational flights.[8] In June 2011, the MoD denied press reports that the aircraft are to be sold to the US Marine Corps for spares to support their AV-8B fleet, but options for disposal are still being considered.[9][10] However, at the end of November 2011, Defence Minister Peter Luff announced the sale of the final 72 Harriers to the US Marine Corps.[11] As many as possible of the 72 Harrier GR9s will be converted to match AV-8B Night Attack configuration to augment the total AV-8B end strength (this will allow the USMC to retire some high-flight-hour F/A-18D aircraft), while the remaining aircraft will be used as spare parts sources for the airworthy fleet.[citation needed]Variants
Main article: List of Harrier variants
- Hawker P.1127
- (1960)
- Kestrel FGA.1
- (1964)
- Harrier GR.1/1A/3/3A
- (from 1966)
- Harrier T.2/2A/4/4A/8/52/60
- (from 1970)
- AV-8A/C/S Harrier Mk.50/53/55/Matador
- TAV-8A/S Harrier Mk.54/Matador
- Sea Harrier FRS.1/FRS.51/F(A).2
- (from 1978)
- AV-8B Harrier II/EAV-8B Matador II/AV-8B Harrier II Night Attack/AV-8B Harrier II Plus
- (from 1983)
- TAV-8B Harrier II/ETAV-8B Matador II/
- Harrier GR.5/5A/7/7A/9/9A
- (from 1985)
- Harrier T.10/12
Operators
Main article: List of Harrier operators
- Royal Thai Navy (former)[12]
- Royal Air Force (former)
- Royal Navy (former)
Specifications
An unusual feature of the Harrier family of aircraft is their use of two types of flight control to provide pitch, roll and yaw control: conventional control surfaces for wingborne flight and a system of reaction control valves directing jets of bleed air from the high-pressure compressor of the engine out through the extremities of the nose, tail and at the wingtips during vectored thrust-borne flight and hover modes. The two systems are fully interlinked but air is not supplied to the reaction control valves during conventional wingborne flight.[13]| Kestrel FGA.1 | Harrier GR3/AV-8A | Sea Harrier FA2 | Harrier GR9 | AV-8B+ Harrier | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crew | One (Two for trainer versions) | ||||
| Length | 42 ft 6 in (13.0 m) | 47 ft 2 in (14.4 m) | 46 ft 6 in (14.2 m) | 46 ft 4 in (14.1 m) | 47 ft 8 in (14.5 m) |
| Wingspan | 22 ft 11 in (6.98 m) | 25 ft 3 in (7.70 m) | 25 ft 3 in (7.70 m) | 30 ft 4 in (9.25 m) | 30 ft 4 in (9.25 m) |
| Height | 10 ft 9 in (3.28 m) | 11 ft 4 in (3.45 m) | 12 ft 4 in (3.76 m) | 11 ft 8 in (3.56 m) | 11 ft 8 in (3.56 m) |
| Empty Weight | 10,000 lb (4,540 kg) | 12,200 lb (5,530 kg) | 14,052 lb (6,370 kg) | 12,500 lb (5,670 kg)? | 13,968 lb (6,340 kg) |
| Maximum take-off weight (short takeoff) |
17,000 lb (7,710 kg) | 26,000 lb (11,800 kg) | 26,200 lb (11,900 kg) | 31,000 lb (14,100 kg) | 31,000 lb (14,100 kg) |
| Max speed | 545 mph (877.1 km/h) | 731 mph (1,176 km/h) | 735 mph (1,183 km/h) | 662 mph (1,065 km/h) | 662 mph (1,065 km/h) |
| Combat radius | 200 nmi (370 km) | 300 nmi (556 km) | 300 nmi (556 km) | ||
| Engine | Pegasus 6 | Pegasus 11 Mk 101 | Pegasus 11 Mk 106 | Pegasus 11 Mk 107 | Pegasus 11 Mk 105 |
| Thrust | 15,000 lbf (66.7 kN) | 21,800 lbf (97.0 kN) | 21,800 lbf (97.0 kN) | 24,750 lbf (110 kN) | 23,500 lbf (105 kN) |
| Radar | None | None | Blue Fox / Blue Vixen | None | AN/APG-65 |
- Sources: Norden[14]
See also
- Related development
- Hawker Siddeley P.1154
- Hawker P.1127/Kestrel
- Hawker Siddeley Harrier
- McDonnell-Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
- British Aerospace Harrier II
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Bell X-14
- Hunting H.126
- Rockwell XFV-12
- Ryan XV-5 Vertifan
- Short SC.1
- Yakovlev Yak-36
- Yakovlev Yak-38
- Related lists
- List of VTOL aircraft
- List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm
- List of attack aircraft
- List of fighter aircraft
- List of aircraft of the RAF
- List of military aircraft of the United States
- List of Harrier Jump Jet family losses
- List of active United States military aircraft
- List of active United Kingdom military aircraft
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