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| 9K37 Buk NATO reporting name: SA-11 Gadfly, SA-17 Grizzly |
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|---|---|
Buk-M1-2 air defence system in 2010
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| Type | Medium range SAM system |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1979–present |
| Used by | See list of present and former operators |
| Wars | See combat service |
| Production history | |
| Designer |
Almaz-Antey:
|
| Variants | 9K37 "Buk", 9K37M, 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2", 9K37M1-2A, 9K317 "Buk-M2", "Buk-M3" naval: 3S90 (M-22), 3S90M, 3S90E1, 3S90M1 |
The Buk missile system is the successor to the NIIP/Vympel 2K12 Kub (NATO reporting name SA-6 "Gainful").[3] The first version of Buk adopted into service carried the GRAU designation 9K37 and was identified in the west with the NATO reporting name "Gadfly" as well as the US Department of Defense designation SA-11. Since its initial introduction into service the Buk missile system has been continually upgraded and refined. With the integration of a new missile the Buk-M1-2 and Buk-M2 systems also received a new NATO reporting name Grizzly and a new DoD designation SA-17. The latest incarnation "Buk-M3" is scheduled for production.[4]
A naval version of the system, designed by MNIIRE Altair (currently part of GSKB Almaz-Antey) for the Russian Navy, according to Jane's Missiles & Rockets, received the GRAU designation 3S90M1 and will be identified with the NATO reporting name Gollum and a DoD designation SA-N-7C. The naval system is scheduled for delivery in 2014.[5]
The apparent shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 on July 17, 2014 is believed to have been caused by the Buk system, giving the weapon international attention.
Contents
- 1 Development
- 2 Description
- 3 System composition
- 4 Service
- 5 References
- 6 Sources
- 7 External links
Development
Development of the 9K37 "Buk" was started on 17 January 1972 at the request of the Central Committee of the CPSU.[6] The development team comprised many of the same institutions that had been responsible for the development of the previous 2K12 "Kub" (NATO reporting name "Gainful", SA-6). These included the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP) as the lead designer and the Novator design bureau who were responsible for the development of the missile armament.[6] In addition to the land based missile system a similar system was to be produced for the naval forces, the result being the 3S90 "Uragan" (Russian: "Ураган"; hurricane) which also carries the SA-N-7 and "Gadfly" designationsThe Buk missile system was designed to surpass the 2K12 Kub in all parameters and its designers including its chief designer Ardalion Rastov visited Egypt in 1971 to see Kub in operation.[8] Both the Kub and Buk used self-propelled launchers developed by Ardalion Rastov. As a result of this visit the developers came to the conclusion that each Buk transporter erector launcher (TEL) should have its own fire control radar rather than being reliant on one central radar for the whole system as in Kub.[8] The result of this move from TEL to transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) was a system able to engage multiple targets from multiple directions at the same time.
During development in 1974, it was identified that although the Buk missile system is the successor to the Kub missile system both systems could share some interoperability, the result of this decision was the 9K37-1 Buk-1 system.[6] The advantage of interoperability between Buk TELAR and Kub TEL was an increase in the number of fire control channels and available missiles for each system as well as a faster service entry for Buk system components. The Buk-1 was adopted into service in 1978 following completion of state trials while the complete Buk missile system was accepted into service in 1980[8] after state trials took place between 1977 and 1979.[6]
 Photo of TELAR 9A38, Buk vehicle, based on Kub components |
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| Photo of TELAR 9A38, Buk vehicle, based on Kub components (sideview) |
No sooner than the 9K37, "Buk" had started to enter service than the next phase of its development was put into operation, in 1979 the Central Committee of the CPSU authorised the development of a modernised 9K37 which would become the 9K37M1 Buk-M1, adopted into service in 1983.[6] The modernisation improved the performance of the systems radars, kill probability and resistance to electronic countermeasures (ECM). Additionally a non-cooperative threat classification system was installed, allowing targets to be classified without IFF via analysis of return radar signals.[8] The export version of Buk-M1 missile system is known as "Gang" (Russian: "Ганг"; Ganges)[citation needed].
The Buk-M1-2 modernisation was based on a previous more advanced developmental system referred to as the 9K317 "Buk-M2".[6] This modernisation featured new missiles and a new third generation phased array fire control radar allowing engagement of up to four targets while tracking a further 24. A new radar system was also developed which carried a fire control radar on a 24 m extending boom, reputedly improving performance against targets flying at low altitude.[13] This new generation of Buk missile systems was stalled due to poor economic conditions after the fall of the Soviet Union. The system was presented as a static display at the 2007 MAKS Airshow. The export version of the Buk-M2 missile system Buk-M2E is also known as Ural (Russian: Урал; English: Ural)[citation needed].
In October 2007, Russian General Nikolai Frolov, commander of the Ground Forces' air defense, declared that the Russian Army would receive the brand-new Buk-M3 to replace the Buk-M1. He stipulated that the M3 would feature advanced electronic components and enter into service in 2009.[14] The upgraded Buk-M3 TELAR will have a seven rollers tracked chassis and 6 missiles in launch tubes.[15]
Description
The 9S35 radar of the original Buk TELAR uses mechanical scan of Cassegrain antenna reflector. Buk-M2 TELAR design used a PESA for tracking and missile guidance.
Also, Buk-M2 featured a new vehicle like TELAR, but with radar on top of a telescopic lift, and without missiles, called a target acquisition radar (TAR) 9S36. This vehicle could be used together with two TELs 9A316 to engage up to four targets, missile guidance in forested or hilly regions.
Mobile simulator SAM Buk-M2E was shown at MAKS-2013. Self-propelled fire simulator installation JMA 9A317ET SAM "Buk-M2E" on the basis of the mobile is designed for training and evaluating combat crew in the work environment to detect, capture, maintenance and defeat targets. Computer Information System fully record all actions of the crew to a "black box" to allow objectively assess the consistency of the actions and results. [17]
All vehicles of Buk-M1 (Buk-M1-2) missile system uses an Argon-15A computer as Zaslon radar does (the first airborne digital computer designed in 1972 by the Soviet Research Institute of Computer Engineering (NICEVT, currently NII Argon) and produced at "Kishinev plant of 50 Years of USSR".[18][19] The vehicles of Buk-M2 (Buk-M2E) missile system use a slightly upgraded version of Argon-A15K. This processor is also used in such military systems as anti-submarine defense Korshun and Sova, airborne radars for MiG-31 and MiG-33, mobile tactical missile systems Tochka, Oka and Volga. Currently, Argons are upgraded into Baget series of processors by NIIP.
Basic missile system specifications
- Target acquisition range (by TAR 9S18M1, 9S18M1-1)
- Range: 140[clarification needed]
- Altitude: 60 meters – 25 kilometers (197 feet – 15.5 miles)
- Firing groups in one division: up to 6 (with one command post)
- Firing groups operating in a sector
- 90° in azimuth, 0–7° and 7–14° in elevation
- 45° in azimuth, 14–52° in elevation
- Radar mast lifting height (for TAR 9S36): 21 meters
- Reloading of 4 missiles by TEL from itself: around 15 minutes
- Combat readiness time: no more than 5 minutes
- Kill probability (by one missile): 90–95%
- Target engagement zone
- Aircraft
- Altitude: 15 meters – 25 kilometers (50 feet – 15.5 miles)
- Range: 3–42 kilometres (2–26 miles)
- Tactical ballistic missiles
- Altitude: 2.0–16 kilometres (1.2–9.9 miles)
- Range: 3–20 kilometres (1.9–12.4 miles)
- Sea targets: up to 25 kilometres (16 miles)
- Land targets: up to 15 kilometres (9.3 miles)
- Aircraft
Integration with higher level command posts
The basic command post of the Buk missile system is 9С510 (9K317 Buk-M2), 9S470M1-2 (9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2) and 9S470 (Buk-M1) vehicles organizing the Buk system into a battery. It is capable of linking with various higher level command posts (HLCPs).As an option it could be combined into the brigade with the use of HLCP, but not mixing into a unified battery.
The Buk missile system may be controlled by an upper level command post system 9S52 Polyana-D4 integrating it with S-300V/S-300VM into an air defence brigade.[20][21] Also it may be controlled by an upper level command post system 73N6ME «Baikal-1ME»[22] together with 1-4 units of PPRU-M1 (PPRU-M1-2), integrating it with SA-19 "Grison" (9K22 Tunguska) (6-24 units total) into an air defence brigade.[23] With the use of the mobile command center Ranzhir or Ranzhir-M (GRAU designations 9S737, 9S737М) the Buk missile system allows to create mixed groups of air defense forces, including Tor, Tungushka, Strela-10, and Igla.[24] "Senezh" [25] is another optional command post for a free mixing of any systems.
3S90 "Uragan"
3S90 "Ezh"
The modernised version of the 3S90 the 9K37M1-2 (or 9K317E) "Ezh" which carries the NATO reporting name "Grizzly" or SA-N-12 and the export designation "Shtil" was developed which uses the new 9M317 missile. This variant was supposed to be installed on Soviet Ulyanovsk-class nuclear aircraft carriers, and has been retrofitted to the Sovremenny-class destroyers.[citation needed].In 1997, India signed a contract for the three Project 1135.6 frigates with "Shtil". Later, when the decision was made to modernize it with a new package of hardware & missiles, the name changed to "Shtil-1".
3S90M "Shtil-1"
In 2004, the first demonstration module of the new 9M317ME missile was presented by Dolgoprudniy Scientific and Production Plant for the upgraded 3S90M "Shtil-1" naval missile system (jointly with 'Altair'). Designed primary for the export purpose, its latest variant used a vertical launch missile which is fired from under-deck silos clustered into groups of twelve, twenty-four or thirty-six. The first Shtil-1 systems were installed into ships exported to India and China.[26][27] Old systems Uragan, Ezh and Shtil could be upgraded to Shtil-1 by replacing the launcher module inside the ship.Missiles
| 9М38 | |
|---|---|
Comparison of 9M38M1, 9M317 and 9M317ME surface-to-air missiles of the Buk missile system
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| Type | Surface-to-air missile |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Production history | |
| Variants | 9М38, 9М38M1, 9M317 |
| Specifications (9М38, 9M317) | |
| Weight | 690 kg, (1521 Lbs) 715 kg,(1576 Lbs) |
| Length | 5.55 m (18'-3") |
| Diameter | 0.4 m (15 3/4") (wingspan 0.86 m)(2'-10") |
| Warhead | Frag-HE |
| Warhead weight | 70 kg,(154.3 Lbs) |
|
Detonation
mechanism |
Radar proximity fuse |
|
|
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| Propellant | Solid propellant rocket |
|
Operational
range |
30 kilometres (19 mi) |
| Flight altitude | 14,000 metres (46,000 ft) |
| Speed | Mach 3 |
|
Guidance
system |
Semi-active radar homing |
|
Launch
platform |
See structure |
9М38 and 9М38M1 missile
The 9M38 uses a single-stage X-winged design without any detachable parts; its exterior design is similar to the American Tartar and Standard surface-to-air missile series, which led to the half-serious nickname of Standardski.[28] The design had to conform to strict naval dimension limitations, allowing the missile to be adapted for the M-22 SAM system in the Soviet Navy. Each missile is 5.55 m (18.2 ft) long, weighs 690 kg (1,520 lb) and carries a relatively large 70 kg (150 lb) warhead which is triggered by a radar proximity fuze. In the forward compartment of the missile, a semi-active homing radar head (9E50, Russian: 9Э50, 9Э50М1), autopilot equipment, power source and warhead are located. The homing method chosen was proportional navigation. Some elements of the missile were compatible with the Kub's 3M9; for example, its forward compartment diameter (33 cm), which was less than the rear compartment diameter.
It has been suggested that the Novator KS-172 AAM-L, an extremely long range air-to-air missile and possible anti-satellite weapon, is a derivative of the 9M38.[citation needed]
9M317 missile
The 9M317 missile was developed as a common missile for the Russian Ground Force's Soviet Air Defence Forces (PVO) (using Buk-M1-2) as well as for ship-based PVO of the Russian Navy (Ezh). Its exterior design bears a resemblance to the Vympel R-37 air-to-air missile.The unified multi-functional 9M317 (export designation 9M317E) can be used to engage aerodynamic, ballistic, above-water and radio contrast targets from both land and sea. Examples of targets include tactical ballistic missiles, strategic cruise missiles, anti-ship missiles, tactical, strategic and army aircraft and helicopters. It was designed by OJSC Dolgoprudny Scientific Production Plant (DNPP). The maximum engagable target speed was 1200 m/s and it can tolerate an acceleration overload of 24G. It was first used with Buk-M1-2 system of the land forces and the Shtil-1 system of the naval forces.
In comparison with 9M38M1, the 9M317 has a larger defeat area, which is up to 45 km of range and 25 km of altitude and of lateral parameter, and a larger target classification. Externally the 9M317 differs from the 9M38M1 by a smaller wing chord. It uses the inertial correction control system with semi-active radar homing, utilising the proportional navigation (PN) targeting method.
The semi-active missile homing radar head (used in 9E420, Russian: 9Э420) as well as 9E50M1 for the 9M38M1 missile (9E50 for 9M38) and 1SB4 for Kub missile (Russian: 1СБ4) was designed by MNII Agate (Zhukovskiy) and manufactured by MMZ at Ioshkar-Ola.
9M317M and 9M317A missile development projects
Currently, several modernized versions are in development, including the 9M317M / 9M317ME, and active radar homing (ARH) missile 9M317A / 9M317MAE.The lead developer, NIIP, reported the testing of the 9M317A missile within Buk-M1-2A "OKR Vskhod" (Sprout in English) in 2005.[29] Range is reported as being up to 50 km (31 mi), maximum altitude around 25 km (82,000 ft) and maximum target speed around Mach 4. The weight of the missile has increased slightly to 720 kg (1587 lb).
The missile's Vskhod development program for the Buk-M1-2A was completed in 2011. This missile could increase the survival capability and firing performance of the Buk-M1-2A using its ability to hit targets over the skyline.[30]
In 2011, Dolgoprudny NPP completed preliminary trials of the new autonomous target missile system OKR Pensne (pince-nez in English) developed from earlier missiles.[30]
9M317ME missile
The weight of the missile is 581 kg, including the 62 kg blast fragmentation warhead initiated by a dual-mode radar proximity fuze. Dimensions of the hull are 5.18 m length; 0.36 m maximum diameter. Range is 2.5–32 km in a 3S90M "Shtil-1" naval missile system. Altitude of targets from 15 m up to 15 km (and from 10 m to 10 km against other missiles). 9M317ME missiles can be fired at 2-second intervals, while its reaction (readiness) time is up to 10 s.The missile was designed to be single-staged, semi-active radio command radar homing with inertial guidance.[26]
The tail surfaces have a span of 0.82 m when deployed after the missile leaves the launch container by a spring mechanism. Four gas-control vanes operating in the motor efflux turn the missile towards the required direction of flight. After the turnover manoeuvre, they are no longer used and subsequent flight controlled via moving tail surfaces. A dual-mode solid-propellant rocket motor provides the missile with a maximum speed of Mach 4.5.[31]
Original design tree
- 9K37-1 'Buk-1' – First Buk missile system variant accepted into service, incorporating a 9A38 TELAR within a 2K12M3 Kub-M3 battery.
- 9K37 'Buk'- The completed Buk missile system with all new system components, back-compatible with 2K12 Kub.
- 9K37M1 'Buk-M1' – An improved variant of the original 9K37 which entered into service with the then Soviet armed forces.
- 9K37M1-2 'Buk-M1-2' ('Gang' for export markets) – An improved variant of the 9K37M1 'Buk-M1' which entered into service with the Russian armed forces.
- 9K317 'Ural' (9K37M2) – initial design of Buk-M2 which entered into service with the Russian armed forces
- 9K317E 'Buk-M2E' - revised design for export markets[40]
- 9K37M1-2A 'Buk-M1-2A' - redesign of Buk-M1-2 for the use of 9M317A missile
- 'Buk-M2EK'[41] – A wheeled variant of Buk-M2 on MZKT-6922 chassis exported to Venezuela and Syria.
- 9K317M 'Buk-M3' (9K37M3) – In Russian some active work is being conducted, aimed at the new perspective complex of Buk-M3. A zenith-rocket division of it will have 36 target channels in total. It will feature advanced electronic components.
- 3S90/M-22 'Uragan' (SA-N-7 "Gadfly") – Naval version of the 9K37 Buk missile system with 9M38/9M38M1 missile.
- 3S90 "Ezh" (SA-N-7B/SA-N-12 'Grizzly') – Naval version of the 9K37M1-2 with 9M317 missile.
- 3S90 "Shtil" (SA-N-7C 'Gollum') – Naval export version of the 9K37M1-2 with 9M317E missile.
- 3S90E "Shtil-1" (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') – Naval export version with 9M317ME missile.
- 3S90M "Smerch" (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') – Possible naval version with 9M317M missile.
Copies
Belarus – In May on the MILEX-2005 exposition in Minsk, Belarus presented their own modification of 9K37 Buk called Buk-MB.[42]
On 26 June 2013 an exported version of Buk-MB was displayed on a
military parade in Baku. It included the new 80K6M Ukrainian-build radar
on an MZKT chassis (instead the old 9S18M1) and the new Russian-build
missile 9M317 (as in Buk-M2).[43]
People's
Republic of China – HQ-16 (Hongqi-16) - People's Republic of China
project based on the naval 9K37M1-2 system 'Shtil' (SA-N-12).[44]
Other sources also rumored the project involved some Buk technology. It
is able to engage high altitude and very low flying targets.[45]
The most visual distinction between SA-17 and HQ-16 is that the latter
is truck-based and vertically launched instead of track based SA-17, its
total number of missiles increased to six from the original four in
SA-17 system.
- People's Republic of China – HQ-16A – Improvement of the HQ-16, with redesigned control surfaces incorporating leading edge, thus has better performance at higher angle of attack than HQ-16.
- People's Republic of China – HQ-16B – Further improvement of HQ-16A[46][47]
- People's Republic of China – LY80 – Export version of HQ-16A,[48][49] incorporating cold vertical launch method
Iran – Raad
Medium Ranged Surface-to-Air Missile System using Ta'er 2 missiles. It
has very similar layout to wheeled Buk-M2EK 9M317. It was shown during
2012 military parade.[50]
Operational service
Combat service
Abkhaz authorities claimed that Buk air defense system was used to shoot down four Georgian drones at the beginning of May 2008.[79]Analysts concluded that Georgian Buk missile systems were responsible for downing four Russian aircraft—three Sukhoi Su-25 close air support aircraft and a Tupolev Tu-22M strategic bomber—in the 2008 South Ossetia war.[80] U.S. officials have said Georgia's SA-11 Buk-1M was certainly the cause of the Tu-22M's loss and contributed to the losses of the three Su-25s.[81] According to some analysts, the loss of four aircraft is surprising and a heavy toll for Russia given the small size of Georgia's military.[82][83] Some have also pointed out, that Russian electronic counter-measures systems were apparently unable to jam and suppress enemy SAMs in the conflict[84] and that Russia was, surprisingly, unable to come up with effective countermeasures against missile systems it had designed.[80]
Georgia bought these missile systems from Ukraine which had an inquiry to identify if the purchase was illegal.[85]
On 29 January 2013, the Israeli Air Force launched an airstrike on a convoy in Syria believed to have SA-17 BUK-M2E missiles bound for Hezbollah in Lebanon. The Syrian government denied that the shipment of weapons was taking place.[86]
The system is suspected of having been involved in the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (a Boeing 777-200ER) on 17 July 2014 with 298 fatalities in eastern Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast.[87] Videos posted by Russian-backed separatist forces after the crash claimed to have used the system to bring down what they claimed was an An-26 in the area of the crash, and allegedly showed images of the burning wreckage of MH17 in the distance as evidence.[
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