Inertial measurement unit

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See also: Inertial guidance system

An inertial measurement unit, or IMU, is an electronic device that measures and reports on a craft's velocity, orientation, and gravitational forces, using a combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes, sometimes also magnetometers. IMUs are typically used to maneuver aircraft, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), among many others, and spacecraft, including satellites and landers. Recent developments allow for the production of IMU-enabled GPS devices. An IMU allows a GPS to work when GPS-signals are unavailable, such as in tunnels, inside buildings, or when electronic interference is present.^[1] A wireless IMU is known as a WIMU.^[2][3][4][5]
The IMU is the main component of inertial navigation systems used in aircraft, spacecraft, watercraft, and guided missiles among others. In this capacity, the data collected from the IMU's sensors allows a computer to track a craft's position, using a method known as dead reckoning.

Contents

• 1 Operational principles
• 2 Construction
• 3 Uses
  • 3.1 In navigation
    • 3.1.1 Disadvantages
• 4 TIMU (Timing & IMU) sensors
• 5 See also
• 6 References
• 7 External links

Operational principles

Inertial navigation unit of French IRBM S3.

IMUs work, in part, by detecting changes in pitch, roll, and yaw.

Fiber optic gyroscopes of the MAR-1

An inertial measurement unit works by detecting the current rate of acceleration using one or more accelerometers, and detects changes in rotational attributes like pitch, roll and yaw using one or more gyroscopes. And some also include a magnetometer, mostly to assist calibrate against orientation drift.
Inertial navigation systems contain IMUs which have angular and linear accelerometers (for changes in position); some IMUs include a gyroscopic element (for maintaining an absolute angular reference).
Angular accelerometers measure how the vehicle is rotating in space. Generally, there is at least one sensor for each of the three axes: pitch (nose up and down), yaw (nose left and right) and roll (clockwise or counter-clockwise from the cockpit).
Linear accelerometers measure non-gravitational accelerations^[6] of the vehicle. Since it can move in three axes (up & down, left & right, forward & back), there is a linear accelerometer for each axis.
A computer continually calculates the vehicle's current position. First, for each of the six degrees of freedom (x,y,z and θ_x, θ_y and θ_z), it integrates over time the sensed acceleration, together with an estimate of gravity, to calculate the current velocity. Then it integrates the velocity to calculate the current position.
Inertial guidance is difficult without computers. The desire to use inertial guidance in the Minuteman missile and Project Apollo drove early attempts to miniaturize computers.
Inertial guidance systems are now usually combined with satellite navigation systems through a digital filtering system. The inertial system provides short term data, while the satellite system corrects accumulated errors of the inertial system.
An inertial guidance system that will operate near the surface of the earth must incorporate Schuler tuning so that its platform will continue pointing towards the center of the earth as a vehicle moves from place to place.

Construction

Miniaturized IMU developed at ETH Zurich

The term IMU is widely used to refer to a box containing three accelerometers and three gyroscopes and optionally three magnetometers. The accelerometers are placed such that their measuring axes are orthogonal to each other. They measure inertial acceleration, also known as G-forces.^{[citation needed]}
Three gyroscopes are placed in a similar orthogonal pattern, measuring rotational position in reference to an arbitrarily chosen coordinate system.^{[citation needed]}
Recently, more and more manufacturers also include three magnetometers in IMUs. This allows better performance for dynamic orientation calculation in Attitude and heading reference systems which base on IMUs.

Uses

IMUs are used in vehicle-installed inertial guidance systems. Today almost every commercial or military water-going vessel has one.^{[citation needed]} Most aircraft are also equipped with IMUs.
IMUs are also used alone on air- and spacecraft, in order to report inertial measurements to a pilot (whether he is in the cockpit or piloting by remote control). They are critical during space missions to maneuver manned or unmanned landers and other craft.
IMUs can, besides navigational purposes, serve as orientation sensors in the human field of motion. They are frequently used for sports technology (technique training),^[7] and animation applications. They are a competing technology for use in motion capture technology. An IMU is at the heart of the balancing technology used in the Segway Personal Transporter.
When used in orientation sensors, the term IMU is often (wrongly) used synonymously for Attitude and heading reference system. However, an Attitude and heading reference system includes an IMU but additionally -and that is the key difference- a processing system which calculates the relative orientation in space.

In navigation

In a navigation system, the data reported by the IMU is fed into a computer, which calculates its current position based on velocity and time.^{[citation needed]}
For example, if an IMU installed in an aeroplane were to detect that the craft traveled westward for 1 hour at an average speed of 500 miles per hour, then the guidance computer would deduce that the plane must be 500 miles west of its initial position. If combined with a computerized system of maps, the guidance system could use this method to show a pilot where the plane is located geographically, similar to a GPS navigation system — but without the need to communicate with any outside components, such as satellites. This method of navigation is called dead reckoning.
One of the earliest units was designed and built by Ford Instrument Company for the USAF to help aircraft navigate in flight without any input from outside the aircraft. Called the Ground-Position Indicator once the pilot entered in the aircraft longitude and latitude at take off, the unit would show the pilot the longitude and latitude of the aircraft in relation to the ground.^[8]

Disadvantages

A major disadvantage of using IMUs for navigation is that they typically suffer from accumulated error, including Abbe error. Because the guidance system is continually adding detected changes to its previously-calculated positions (see dead reckoning), any errors in measurement, however small, are accumulated from point to point. This leads to 'drift', or an ever-increasing difference between where the system thinks it is located, and the actual location.
Because the devices are only able to collect data in a finite time interval, IMUs are always working with averages. So if an accelerometer is able to retrieve the acceleration once per second, the device will have to work as if that had been the acceleration throughout that whole second, although the acceleration could have varied drastically in that time period. Of course modern devices are able to collect data much faster than once per second, but over time that error increases exponentially.
For example, if an individual were blindfolded, moved in a series of directions, and then asked where they think they are, they would only be able to estimate their final position. The more a person were moved while blindfolded, the more inaccurate their guess of where they have ended up. IMUs work in a manner similar to that which human beings use to detect motion, and although they yield considerably more accurate motion sensing than a human being is able to perform, they are still not perfect, and their errors can accumulate in a similar way.
IMUs are normally only one component of a navigation system. Other systems are used to correct the inaccuracies that IMUs inevitably suffer, such as GPS, gravity sensors (for local vertical), external speed sensors (to compensate for velocity drift), a barometric system for altitude correction, and a magnetic compass.^{[citation needed]}

TIMU (Timing & IMU) sensors

DARPA's Microsystems Technology Office( MTO) department is working on a Micro-PNT ("Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation and Timing") program to design "TIMU" ("Timing & Inertial Measurement Unit") chips that does absolute position tracking on a single chip without GPS aided navigation.^[9][10][11]
Micro-PNT adds integrates a highly accurate master timing clock^[12] integrated into an IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) chip, making it a "TIMU" ("Timing & Inertial Measurement Unit") chip. So these TIMU chips for Micro-PNT have integrated 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer, and 3-axis magnetometer, and together with the integrated highly accurate master timing clock it simultaneous measure the motion tracked and combines that with timing from the synchronized clock, and with sensor fusion it makes a single chip that does absolute position tracking, all without external transmitters/transceivers.^[9][10]

See also

• Attitude control
• Dead reckoning
• Fibre optic gyroscope
• Genesis of the Litton Inertial Navigation System
• Guidance systems
• Inertial navigation system
• Kalman filter
• LN-3 Inertial Navigation System
• MHD sensor (Magneto Hydro Dynamic sensors)
  • MEMS gyroscope
• PIGA accelerometer
• Rate integrating gyroscope
• Schuler tuning
• Spacecraft
• Vibrating structure gyroscope