February 26, 2015
If nanolattice material could be produced in large quantities,
they could replace composites and other materials used in a wide range
of applications, because they’d be just as strong at a fraction of the
weight. Another possibility is to greatly increase the energy density of
batteries—the amount of power they can hold at a given size.
So far, they can’t make enough of the nanostructured materials to cover your palm. MIT Technology Review thinks that the production breakthroughs could happen by 2020 for the initial commercialization applications.
Some recent publications:
Extreme Mechanics Letters - Ultra-strong architected Cu meso-lattices
Applied Physics Letters - Ductility and work hardening in nano-sized metallic glasses
Nextbigfuture has been covering the work since 2013
Nanometer thick walls that are made into hollow trusses to enable far lighter and stronger material.
Julia Greer's web page at Cal Tech
So far, they can’t make enough of the nanostructured materials to cover your palm. MIT Technology Review thinks that the production breakthroughs could happen by 2020 for the initial commercialization applications.
Some recent publications:
Extreme Mechanics Letters - Ultra-strong architected Cu meso-lattices
Abstract -Ultra-strong architected Cu meso-lattices
3-dimensional solid Cu octet meso-lattices with characteristic features on the micron-scale were fabricated and mechanically tested under uniaxial compression. These architected cellular materials were fabricated by a three-step process: (1) direct laser writing of the lattice pattern into a polymer template, (2) electroplating of Cu into the template, and (3) removal of the polymer matrix. The microstructure of the electroplated Cu mainly consists of polycrystalline grains with average diameters of such that cross-sections of lattice beams mostly consist of a single grain. We discovered that the compressive yield strengths of the open-cell Cu meso-lattices can exceed the yield strength of monolithic bulk Cu as measured from a Cu thin film made with identical conditions. Meso-lattices with relative density of 0.8 had a strength of 332 MPa, which surpassed the bulk yield strength by 80%. This is diametrically opposite to predictions from structural mechanics theory, which states that strength scales linearly with relative density for the octet structure. We attribute the ability of solid Cu meso-lattices to attain such high strengths to the “smaller is stronger” size effect present in single crystalline metals with sub-micron dimensions. This work demonstrates the use and proliferation of the size-dependent strengthening unique to nanostructures in an architected structural material.
Applied Physics Letters - Ductility and work hardening in nano-sized metallic glasses
A mastery of engineered hierarchy in material microstructures might one day allow us to make ductile metallic glasses that both deform and harden like steels and possess superior strength and stiffness.Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids - The effect of size, orientation and alloying on the deformation of AZ31 nanopillars
Nextbigfuture has been covering the work since 2013
Nanometer thick walls that are made into hollow trusses to enable far lighter and stronger material.
Julia Greer's web page at Cal Tech
Journal of Materials Science - Mechanical characterization of hollow ceramic nanolattices
A talk was given at a local TEDx event, produced independently of the TED Conferences (TEDx CERN). Imagine being able to hold all the material it took to build an airplane in the palm of your hand. Julia Greer combines different design structures at varying nano-scales to create super strong and super light materials. Her research is changing the landscape of materials available today.
Julia Greer researches lightweight, 3-dimensional nano-architectures and designs experiments to assess their properties and deformation mechanisms. These ‘nano-metamaterials’ have multiple applications, which provide a rich ‘playground’ for fundamental scientific pursuits.
Abstract
In the analysis of complex, hierarchical structural meta-materials, it is critical to understand the mechanical behavior at each level of hierarchy in order to understand the bulk material response. We report the fabrication and mechanical deformation of hierarchical hollow tube lattice structures with features ranging from 10 nm to 100 μm, hereby referred to as nanolattices. Titanium nitride (TiN) nanolattices were fabricated using a combination of two-photon lithography, direct laser writing, and atomic layer deposition. The structure was composed of a series of tessellated regular octahedra attached at their vertices. In situ uniaxial compression experiments performed in combination with finite element analysis on individual unit cells revealed that the TiN was able to withstand tensile stresses of 1.75 GPa under monotonic loading and of up to 1.7 GPa under cyclic loading without failure. During the compression of the unit cell, the beams bifurcated via lateral-torsional buckling, which gave rise to a hyperelastic behavior in the load–displacement data. During the compression of the full nanolattice, the structure collapsed catastrophically at a high strength and modulus that agreed well with classical cellular solid scaling laws given the low relative density of 1.36 %. We discuss the compressive behavior and mechanical analysis of the unit cell of these hollow TiN nanolattices in the context of finite element analysis in combination with classical buckling laws, and the behavior of the full structure in the context of classical scaling laws of cellular solids coupled with enhanced nanoscale material properties.
Nature Materials - Fabrication and deformation of three-dimensional hollow ceramic nanostructures
Advanced Engineering Materials - Design and Fabrication of Hollow Rigid Nanolattices via Two-Photon Lithography
This paper presents the design and fabrication of 3-dimensional hollow metallic nanolattices using 2-photon lithography. The ability to fabricate structures of any geometry, with resolution down to 150 nm, provides opportunities to engineer structures spanning multiple length scales with potential to capitalize on combined structural and material size effects for use in many technological applications.
Nextbigfuture covered earlier publications of this work in Sept of 2013
February 17, 2015
Modumetal makes cost effective nanolaminated steel up to ten times stronger and corrosion resistant
Modumetal is creating a revolutionary new class of nanolaminated materials that will change design and manufacturing forever by dramatically improving the structural, corrosion and high temperature performance of coatings, bulk materials and parts
Modumetal is based on the interaction of different materials at their interfaces. By laminating metals, Modumetal creates a new way to influence material properties. By growing metal using low-cost electrochemistry, Modumetal enables a whole new class of applications of these materials.
Modumetal’s advanced manufacturing technology makes it possible to GROW nanolaminate structures, much like nature grows shell and bone.
Kevin Bullis MIT Technology Review indicates the Modumetal process can increase the strength of metals such as steel by as much as 10 times.
Modumetal uses an advanced form of electroplating, a process already used to make the chrome plating you might see on the engine and exhaust pipes of a motorcycle. Electroplating involves immersing a metal part in a chemical bath containing various metal ions, and then applying an electrical current to cause those ions to form a metal coating.
The company uses a bath that contains more than one kind of metal ion and controls how ions are deposited by varying the electrical current. By changing the current at precise moments, it can create a layered structure, with each layer being several nanometers thick and of different composition. The final coating can be up to a centimeter thick and can greatly change the properties of the original material.
David Lashmore, a professor of materials science at the University of New Hampshire who has conducted work in the area, says nano-engineered layers can make a material stronger by stopping cracks from moving through it.
The International Energy Agency estimates that more than 70% of our remaining oil reserves consist of heavy crude oil, often high in sulfur or CO2 content. The same is true of natural gas, of which more than 50% of the global supply is highly corrosive.SOURCES - Modumetal, Technology Review, E and P magazine
This paradigm shift in the oil and gas industry necessitates the availability of cost-efficient corrosion-resistant metals for E and P equipment. [E and P Magazine from Hart Energy]
February 09, 2015
Advanced additive manufacturing could enable planes that are 50% more fuel efficient
Pratt and Whitney is exploring making airplane engines with fewer parts using additive manufacturing (aka advanced 3D printing).
Those parts would need less assembly and be cheaper to make. Frank
Preli, chief engineer for materials and process engineering at the
company, anticipates the possibility of radical new aircraft designs
“like many engines embedded in a wing for ultra-aerodynamic efficiency.
Such a design could have many benefits, says Mark Drela, a professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT. Distributing engines along the trailing edge of wings and in the rear of the fuselage can theoretically cut fuel consumption by 20 percent and decrease an aircraft’s weight. These benefits “add up to very large fuel burn reductions,” Drela says. Savings of 50 percent “are not inconceivable.”
Additive manufacturing techniques need to improve to allow for higher precision. Once researchers understand the fine, molecular-scale physics of how lasers and electron beams interact with powders, he says, “that will lead to the ability to put in finer and finer features, and faster and faster deposition rates.”
This
is a more efficient airplane design using smaller distributed engines.
They were superconducting engines. Advanced additive manufacturing could
enable a similar design
Another distributed engine airplane design
This was a plane design by Mark Drela, his MIT and NASA team, that would be 70% more fuel efficient
This
is a more efficient airplane design using smaller distributed engines.
They were superconducting engines. Advanced additive manufacturing could
enable a similar design
Mark Drela had a 24 page paper on optimizing airplanes. Simultaneous Optimization of the Airframe, Powerplant, and Operation of Transport Aircraft
SOURCES- Technology Review, MIT
Such a design could have many benefits, says Mark Drela, a professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT. Distributing engines along the trailing edge of wings and in the rear of the fuselage can theoretically cut fuel consumption by 20 percent and decrease an aircraft’s weight. These benefits “add up to very large fuel burn reductions,” Drela says. Savings of 50 percent “are not inconceivable.”
Additive manufacturing techniques need to improve to allow for higher precision. Once researchers understand the fine, molecular-scale physics of how lasers and electron beams interact with powders, he says, “that will lead to the ability to put in finer and finer features, and faster and faster deposition rates.”
Mark Drela had a 24 page paper on optimizing airplanes. Simultaneous Optimization of the Airframe, Powerplant, and Operation of Transport Aircraft
SOURCES- Technology Review, MIT
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